Michigan Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules  
Administrative Rules Division (ARD)  
MOAHR-Rules@michigan.gov  
REGULATORY IMPACT STATEMENT  
and COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS (RIS)  
AGENCY INFORMATION:  
Department name:  
Licensing and Regulatory Affairs  
Bureau name:  
Bureau of Professional Licensing  
Name of person filling out RIS:  
Weston MacIntosh  
Phone number of person filling out RIS:  
517-241-9269  
Email of person filling out RIS:  
MacIntoshW1@michigan.gov  
RULE SET INFORMATION:  
ARD assigned rule set number:  
2023-52 LR  
Title of proposed rule set:  
Psychology – General Rules  
COMPARISON OF RULE(S) TO FEDERAL/STATE/ASSOCIATION STANDARDS  
1. Compare the proposed rules to parallel federal rules or standards set by a state or national licensing agency  
or accreditation association, if any exist.  
There are no parallel federal rules or standards set by a state or national licensing agency or accreditation  
association.  
A. Are these rules required by state law or federal mandate?  
Under MCL 333.16287, the department, in consultation with the board, shall promulgate rules to implement  
MCL 333.16284 and MCL 333.16285.  
Under MCL 333.18223, the department, in consultation with the board, shall promulgate rules on the  
requirements for licensure.  
Under MCL 333.18233, the board shall promulgate rules requiring continuing education, including continuing  
education specifically in the area of pain and symptom management.  
No federal mandate demands the rules.  
B. If these rules exceed a federal standard, please identify the federal standard or citation, describe why it  
is necessary that the proposed rules exceed the federal standard or law, and specify the costs and  
benefits arising out of the deviation.  
The rules do not exceed a federal standard or law.  
2. Compare the proposed rules to standards in similarly situated states, based on geographic location,  
topography, natural resources, commonalities, or economic similarities.  
Licensure of psychologists is necessary in Michigan under PA 368 of 1978. The rules supply the conditions and  
requirements for education, examinations, training, and licenses for psychologists.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 2  
When compared to other Great Lakes states (Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and  
Wisconsin), Michigan’s licensure requirements are similar. All seven of the other Great Lakes states have rules  
regulating the practice of psychology.  
In Illinois, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited school,  
take part in supervised experience, and pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP)  
developed by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) prior to obtaining full licensure.  
Licensees must complete 24 hours of continuing education every two years.  
In Indiana, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited  
school and pass the EPPP and a law examination prior to obtaining full licensure. Psychologists must complete 40  
hours of continuing education during every 2-year license period.  
In Minnesota, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited  
school, take part in supervised experience, and pass the EPPP and a professional responsibility examination prior to  
obtaining full licensure. Licensees must complete 40 hours of continuing education every two years.  
In New York, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited  
school, take part in supervised experience, and pass the EPPP prior to obtaining full licensure. Licensees must  
complete 36 hours of continuing education every three years.  
In Ohio, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited school,  
take part in supervised experience, and pass the EPPP prior to obtaining full licensure. Applicants for licensure as a  
school psychologist must hold a master’s level school psychology degree from an accredited school, take part in four  
years of school psychology experience, and pass both a school psychologist and a laws and rules examination.  
Psychologist licensees must complete 23 hours of continuing education every two years.  
In Pennsylvania, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited  
school, take part in supervised experience, and pass the EPPP and a law examination prior to obtaining full licensure.  
Licensees must complete 30 hours of continuing education every two years.  
In Wisconsin, applicants for licensure must hold a doctoral level psychology degree from a qualifying or accredited  
school, take part in supervised experience, and pass the EPPP and a jurisprudence examination prior to obtaining full  
licensure. Licensees must complete 40 hours of continuing education every two years.  
When compared to other Great Lakes states, Michigan’s licensure requirements for doctoral level trained  
psychologists are like other Great Lakes states. Michigan and Ohio, however, are the only two Great Lakes states  
that also license master’s level trained psychologists, and the exception in Ohio only pertains to school psychologists.  
Continuing education requirements are like Great Lakes states where continuing education is also necessary.  
The proposed rules are consistent with the rules of those states that also regulate psychologists. Under statute,  
Michigan allows the limited licensure of master’s level trained psychologists.  
A. If the rules exceed standards in those states, please explain why and specify the costs and benefits  
arising out of the deviation.  
Statute demands promulgation of rules related to licensure. The rules do not exceed the licensing requirements  
of other states.  
3. Identify any laws, rules, and other legal requirements that may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the  
proposed rules.  
There are no federal regulations for licensing of psychologists. There are no laws, rules, or other legal requirements  
that duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the proposed rules.  
A. Explain how the rules have been coordinated, to the extent practicable, with other federal, state, and  
local laws applicable to the same activity or subject matter. This section should include a discussion of  
the efforts undertaken by the agency to avoid or minimize duplication.  
Review of applicable statutory law avoided unnecessary duplication in the rules. There are no other federal or  
local laws applicable to this activity.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 3  
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RULE(S)  
4. Identify the behavior and frequency of behavior that the proposed rules are designed to alter.  
The specific topics that the proposed rules address, and the purpose of the proposed rules is set forth below:  
R 338.2525, R 338.2529, R 338.2543, R 338.2545, R 338.2549, R 338.2551, R 338.2555, R 338.2567, R 338.2569,  
R 338.2571, and R 338.2573 include revisions to follow current drafting standards and edits to supply clarification for  
easier reading.  
R 338.2541. This rule pertains to adoption of standards. The rule revision supplies updates to the latest educational  
standards.  
R 338.2553. This rule pertains to educational limited licenses for postdoctoral experience. The rule revision clarifies  
the length of time an individual may hold the educational limited license.  
R 338.2561. This rule pertains to application requirements for limited license psychologists. The rule revision clarifies  
the requirements for requesting approval of a post-degree practicum and the required credentials of a practicum  
supervisor.  
R 338.2581. This rule pertains to license renewals. The rule revision removes the exception to completion of  
continuing education in the first license cycle.  
R 338.2583. This rule pertains to acceptable continuing education activities. The rule revision clarifies that a licensee  
who completes implicit bias training under R 338.7004 may also use that training toward fulfillment of continuing  
education requirements and supplies updated ways to obtain continuing education credit.  
A. Estimate the change in the frequency of the targeted behavior expected from the proposed rules.  
Promulgation of rules related to licensure is necessary under statute. This supplies a regulatory framework for  
the practice of psychology. The proposed changes supply greater clarity to licensees and aid in understanding  
the requirements of the rules.  
B. Describe the difference between current behavior/practice and desired behavior/practice.  
Statute regulates the practice of psychology. This mandates licensure for provision of those services. Adding  
clarifications on points that may have been ambiguous under prior rules will make compliance easier for  
applicants and licensees.  
C. What is the desired outcome?  
Regulation is necessary for individuals who wish to practice as psychologists. By improving and clarifying the  
rules, applicants and licensees should find compliance easier. This should result in fewer questions, fewer  
regulatory problems, and greater safety and protection of the public.  
5. Identify the harm resulting from the behavior that the proposed rules are designed to alter and the likelihood  
that the harm will occur in the absence of the rule.  
Outdated rules create conflict and confusion for psychologists. The proposed rules update previously adopted rules.  
Changes made specifically address the following:  
R 338.2541 pertains to adoption of standards. The rule revision ensures educational programs satisfy updated  
educational requirements.  
R 338.2553 pertains to educational limited licenses for postdoctoral experience. The rule revision supplies clearer  
information about the length of time an individual may hold the educational limited license.  
R 338.2561 pertains to application requirements for limited license psychologists. The rule revision supplies better  
guidance on requesting approval of a post-degree practicum and the required credentials of a practicum supervisor.  
R 338.2581 pertains to license renewals. The rule clarifies that an exception to completion of continuing education in  
the first license cycle no longer applies.  
R 338.2583 pertains to continuing education. The rule clarifies the use of implicit bias training toward continuing  
education requirements and clarifies specific sponsors for satisfying continuing education requirements.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 4  
A. What is the rationale for changing the rules instead of leaving them as currently written?  
The proposed rule set supplies clarity to all rules on licensure.  
6. Describe how the proposed rules protect the health, safety, and welfare of Michigan citizens while promoting  
a regulatory environment in Michigan that is the least burdensome alternative for those required to comply.  
The proposed rules supply a regulatory mechanism for the practice of psychology. To protect the health, safety, and  
welfare of Michigan’s citizens, it is important that members of the profession adhere to educational and professional  
standards. The rules ensure that applicants receive proper education and training prior to licensure and that  
licensees are competent to practice. There is no less burdensome way to ensure that applicants and licensees satisfy  
minimum requirements for practice.  
7. Describe any rules in the affected rule set that are obsolete or unnecessary and can be rescinded.  
There are no rules in this rule set that are obsolete or unnecessary.  
FISCAL IMPACT ON THE AGENCY  
Fiscal impact is an increase or decrease in expenditures from the current level of expenditures, i.e., hiring  
additional staff, higher contract costs, programming costs, changes in reimbursements rates, etc. over and  
above what is currently expended for that function. It does not include more intangible costs for benefits, such  
as opportunity costs, the value of time saved or lost, etc., unless those issues result in a measurable impact on  
expenditures.  
8. Please provide the fiscal impact on the agency (an estimate of the cost of rule imposition or potential savings  
for the agency promulgating the rule).  
There is no expected fiscal impact on the agency for promulgating the proposed rules.  
9. Describe whether or not an agency appropriation has been made or a funding source provided for any  
expenditures associated with the proposed rules.  
There has been no agency appropriation for the proposed rules because there are no expected agency expenditures  
associated with the proposed rules.  
10. Describe how the proposed rules are necessary and suitable to accomplish their purpose, in relationship to  
the burden(s) the rules place on individuals. Burdens may include fiscal or administrative burdens, or  
duplicative acts.  
The proposed rules supply a mechanism for the licensing and regulation of individuals in this state, as mandated by  
statute. Applicants and licensees will continue to have a cost related burden associated with licensing, renewal, or  
relicensure. The cost of licensure for a Master’s Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.) is $104.60 and renewal is $44.00. The cost of  
licensure of a Master’s Ltd. Psychologist is $204.00, renewal is $143.40, and relicensure is $224.00. The cost of  
licensure of a Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.) is $104.60 and renewal is $44.00. The cost of licensure of a Doctoral Ed.  
Ltd. (Postdoctoral) is $99.15, renewal is $38.55, and relicensure is $119.15. The cost of licensure of a Psychologist is  
$270.20, renewal is $209.60, and relicensure is $290.20.  
A. Despite the identified burden(s), identify how the requirements in the rules are still needed and  
reasonable compared to the burdens.  
The rules are necessary to supply a mechanism for licensing and regulation of the profession. The rules are  
not more restrictive than allowed by statute. Despite the cost related burden of licensing, the rules and  
regulations are necessary to supply a framework of standards for educational and licensure requirements.  
IMPACT ON OTHER STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL UNITS  
11. Estimate any increase or decrease in revenues to other state or local governmental units (i.e., cities,  
counties, school districts) as a result of the rule. Estimate the cost increases or reductions for other state or  
local governmental units (i.e., cities, counties, school districts) as a result of the rule. Include the cost of  
equipment, supplies, labor, and increased administrative costs in both the initial imposition of the rule and  
any ongoing monitoring.  
There is no expected increase or decrease in revenues to other state or local government units, nor are there cost  
increases or reductions on other state or local government units expected because of the proposed rules.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 5  
12. Discuss any program, service, duty, or responsibility imposed upon any city, county, town, village, or school  
district by the rules.  
The proposed rules do not impose any program, service, duty, or responsibility upon any city, county, town, village, or  
school district.  
A. Describe any actions that governmental units must take to be in compliance with the rules. This section  
should include items such as record keeping and reporting requirements or changing operational  
practices.  
No action is necessary for governmental units to follow the rule(s).  
13. Describe whether or not an appropriation to state or local governmental units has been made or a funding  
source provided for any additional expenditures associated with the proposed rules.  
State and local government units will incur no added expenditures because of implementing the proposed rules.  
Therefore, no appropriation or funding source is necessary.  
RURAL IMPACT  
14. In general, what impact will the rules have on rural areas?  
There is no expected disparate impact on rural areas because of the proposed rules.  
A. Describe the types of public or private interests in rural areas that will be affected by the rules.  
There is no expected disparate impact on public or private interests in rural areas because of the proposed  
rules.  
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT  
15. Do the proposed rules have any impact on the environment? If yes, please explain.  
No, the proposed rules will have no impact on the environment.  
SMALL BUSINESS IMPACT STATEMENT  
16. Describe whether and how the agency considered exempting small businesses from the proposed rules.  
The Michigan Public Health Code authorizes the board and the department to regulate individuals with psychology  
licenses, not small businesses. Even if a licensee’s practice qualified as a small business, the department could not  
exempt the licensee’s small business because it would create disparity in the regulation of the profession.  
17. If small businesses are not exempt, describe (a) the manner in which the agency reduced the economic  
impact of the proposed rules on small businesses, including a detailed recitation of the efforts of the agency  
to comply with the mandate to reduce the disproportionate impact of the rules upon small businesses as  
described below (in accordance with MCL 24.240(1)(a-d)), or (b) the reasons such a reduction was not lawful  
or feasible.  
There is no expected economic impact on small businesses because of the proposed rules. The proposed rules  
affect individual licensees rather than small businesses.  
A. Identify and estimate the number of small businesses affected by the proposed rules and the probable  
effect on small businesses.  
The department does not collect or have access to information that would allow it to find and estimate the  
potentially affected number of small businesses. It is impossible to estimate the number of small businesses  
affected by the proposed rules. The only small businesses affected by these rules are health practitioners  
practicing in small business settings. The department does not track or have access to this type of information  
since it is not a data repository. The rules do not affect the operation of the small business. The probable  
impact on small business is small.  
B. Describe how the agency established differing compliance or reporting requirements or timetables for  
small businesses under the rules after projecting the required reporting, record-keeping, and other  
administrative costs.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 6  
Because the proposed rules pertain to individuals and not small businesses, they do not have differing  
compliance or reporting requirements or timetables for small businesses. They are unnecessary for the  
proposed rules.  
C. Describe how the agency consolidated or simplified the compliance and reporting requirements for  
small businesses and identify the skills necessary to comply with the reporting requirements.  
The proposed rules do not impose any reporting requirements.  
D. Describe how the agency established performance standards to replace design or operation standards  
required by the proposed rules.  
The agency did not set up performance standards to replace design or operation standards.  
18. Identify any disproportionate impact the proposed rules may have on small businesses because of their size  
or geographic location.  
The proposed rules affect individual licensees rather than small businesses. Therefore, there is no expected  
disproportionate impact on small businesses based on size or geographic location because of the rules.  
19. Identify the nature of any report and the estimated cost of its preparation by small businesses required to  
comply with the proposed rules.  
The proposed rules do not require any reports. There are no reports that a small business would have to complete.  
20. Analyze the costs of compliance for all small businesses affected by the proposed rules, including costs of  
equipment, supplies, labor, and increased administrative costs.  
There is no expectation of an effect on small businesses because of the proposed rules, nor are there any added  
costs, because the proposed rules apply to individuals and not businesses.  
21. Identify the nature and estimated cost of any legal, consulting, or accounting services that small businesses  
would incur in complying with the proposed rules.  
The proposed rules, which apply to individuals and not businesses, should not create a need for any legal, consulting,  
or accounting services for small businesses to be able to follow the proposed rules.  
22. Estimate the ability of small businesses to absorb the costs without suffering economic harm and without  
adversely affecting competition in the marketplace.  
Since the rules affect individual licensees rather than small businesses, there is no expected cause of economic harm  
or for the rules to adversely affect competition in the marketplace.  
23. Estimate the cost, if any, to the agency of administering or enforcing a rule that exempts or sets lesser  
standards for compliance by small businesses.  
The proposed rules impose requirements on individual licensees rather than small businesses. Even if a licensee’s  
practice qualifies as a small business, the department could not exempt the licensee’s small business because it  
would create disparity in regulation of the profession. Therefore, exempting or setting lesser standards of  
competence for small businesses is not in the best interest of the public. It would likely cost the agency more to  
devote staff time to determining which licensees work for small businesses and then enforce different requirements for  
those individuals.  
24. Identify the impact on the public interest of exempting or setting lesser standards of compliance for small  
businesses.  
The department is not able to exempt licensees that own a small business. If the department exempted small  
businesses, it would create a disparity in the regulation of a profession and have a negative impact on public safety.  
25. Describe whether and how the agency has involved small businesses in the development of the proposed  
rules.  
The department worked with the Michigan Board of Psychology in the development of the proposed rules. The board  
is composed of professional and public members. Some members of the board may work in a small business, but the  
members were not involved in the development of the rules as representatives of small businesses.  
A. If small businesses were involved in the development of the rules, please identify the business(es).  
No small businesses took part in the development of the rules.  
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF RULES (INDEPENDENT OF STATUTORY IMPACT)  
26. Estimate the actual statewide compliance costs of the rule amendments on businesses or groups.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 7  
There are no estimated compliance costs with these rule amendments on businesses or groups.  
A. Identify the businesses or groups who will be directly affected by, bear the cost of, or directly benefit  
from the proposed rules.  
The proposed rules directly affect licensees. Licensees bear the cost of, and directly benefit from the proposed  
rules.  
B. What additional costs will be imposed on businesses and other groups as a result of these proposed  
rules (i.e., new equipment, supplies, labor, accounting, or recordkeeping)? Please identify the types and  
number of businesses and groups. Be sure to quantify how each entity will be affected.  
There will be no expected added costs imposed upon licensees because of compliance with these proposed  
rules.  
27. Estimate the actual statewide compliance costs of the proposed rules on individuals (regulated individuals or  
the public). Include the costs of education, training, application fees, examination fees, license fees, new  
equipment, supplies, labor, accounting, or recordkeeping.  
Applicants and licensees will continue to have a cost related burden associated with licensing, renewal, or relicensure.  
The cost of licensure for a Master’s Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.) is $104.60 and renewal is $44.00. The cost of licensure of a  
Master’s Ltd. Psychologist is $204.00, renewal is $143.40, and relicensure is $224.00. The cost of licensure of a  
Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.) is $104.60 and renewal is $44.00. The cost of licensure of a Doctoral Ed. Ltd.  
(Postdoctoral) is $99.15, renewal is $38.55, and relicensure is $119.15. The cost of licensure of a Psychologist is  
$270.20, renewal is $209.60, and relicensure is $290.20.  
Currently there are approximately 3,451 licensed Psychologists, 216 Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (Postdoctoral), 428 Doctoral  
Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.), 2,981 Master’s Ltd., and 553 Master’s Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.). If all 3,451 licensed Psychologists, 216  
Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (Postdoctoral), 428 Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.), 2,981 Master’s Ltd., and 553 Master’s Ed. Ltd.  
(T.L.L.P.) continue to renew their licenses, the estimated actual statewide compliance cost would be (3,451 X  
$209.60) + (216 X $38.55) + (428 X $44.00) + (2,981 X $143.40) + (553 X $44.00) = $1,202,295.80.  
A. How many and what category of individuals will be affected by the rules?  
There are approximately 3,451 licensed Psychologists, 216 Doctoral Ed. Ltd. (Postdoctoral), 428 Doctoral Ed.  
Ltd. (T.L.L.P.), 2,981 Master’s Ltd., and 553 Master’s Ed. Ltd. (T.L.L.P.). The rules affect all individuals who  
seek licensure as psychologists.  
B. What qualitative and quantitative impact do the proposed changes in rules have on these individuals?  
The qualitative impact of the proposed rules on the citizens of Michigan will be that they will know a licensee  
who supplies services has achieved the level of education and training necessary to meet the minimum  
requirements for licensure. The quantitative impact of the proposed rules on the citizens of Michigan is that  
there may be an increase in the cost of services due to licensure, however, ensuring that the health, safety, and  
welfare of Michigan citizens receive proper protection outweighs those costs.  
The qualitative impact on licensees and applicants by the proposed rules will be the knowledge that they and  
their peers have achieved the minimum requirements for licensure and can appropriately support the needs of  
the citizens of Michigan. The quantitative impact on licensees and applicants by the proposed rules is that they  
will have credentials that will meet the minimum requirements of licensure. These credentials will allow them to  
have access to job opportunities and compensation in line with their education and work experience.  
28. Quantify any cost reductions to businesses, individuals, groups of individuals, or governmental units as a  
result of the proposed rules.  
There are no expected reductions in costs to businesses, individuals, groups of individuals, or governmental units  
because of the proposed rules.  
29. Estimate the primary and direct benefits and any secondary or indirect benefits of the proposed rules. Please  
provide both quantitative and qualitative information, as well as any assumptions.  
The proposed rules use clear, concise language, and implement the statutory requirements for licensing. The clear,  
concise language allows the public, licensees, and schools to better understand the requirements for licensure.  
30. Explain how the proposed rules will impact business growth and job creation (or elimination) in Michigan.  
There is no expected significant impact on business growth, job growth, or job elimination because of the rules.  
31. Identify any individuals or businesses who will be disproportionately affected by the rules as a result of their  
industrial sector, segment of the public, business size, or geographic location.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 8  
The department does not expect any disproportionate effect on any individuals or businesses by their industrial  
sector, segment of the public, business size, or geographical location.  
32. Identify the sources the agency relied upon in compiling the regulatory impact statement, including the  
methodology utilized in determining the existence and extent of the impact of the proposed rules and a cost-  
benefit analysis of the proposed rules.  
National Register of Health Service Psychologists  
https://www.nationalregister.org/  
American Psychological Association  
https://www.apa.org/  
Canadian Psychological Association  
https://cpa.ca/  
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System  
https://pcsas.org/  
Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers  
https://www.appic.org/  
Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards  
https://www.asppb.net/default.aspx  
National Association of Credential Evaluation Services  
https://www.naces.org/  
Illinois  
https://idfpr.illinois.gov/profs/psych.html  
Indiana  
https://www.in.gov/pla/professions/psychology-home/  
Minnesota  
https://mn.gov/boards/psychology/  
New York  
https://www.op.nysed.gov/psychology  
Ohio  
https://psychology.ohio.gov/  
Pennsylvania  
https://www.dos.pa.gov/ProfessionalLicensing/BoardsCommissions/Psychology/Pages/default.aspx  
Wisconsin  
https://dsps.wi.gov/pages/BoardsCouncils/Psychology/Default.aspx  
A. How were estimates made, and what assumptions were made? Include internal and external sources,  
published reports, information provided by associations or organizations, etc., that demonstrate a need  
for the proposed rules.  
Since statute mandates the rules, no estimate was necessary.  
ALTERNATIVE TO REGULATION  
33. Identify any reasonable alternatives to the proposed rules that would achieve the same or similar goals.  
Since statute mandates the rules, there are no reasonable alternatives to the proposed rules.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
RIS-Page 9  
A. Please include any statutory amendments that may be necessary to achieve such alternatives.  
Since statute mandates the rules, there are no reasonable alternatives to the proposed rules.  
34. Discuss the feasibility of establishing a regulatory program similar to that proposed in the rules that would  
operate through private market-based mechanisms. Please include a discussion of private market-based  
systems utilized by other states.  
Since statute mandates the rules, private market-based systems cannot serve as an alternative. The licensing and  
regulation of psychologists are state functions, so a regulatory program independent of state intervention cannot be  
set up. One could consider psychology professional associations as regulatory mechanisms that are independent of  
state intervention; however, these professional organizations would provide the public with significantly less protection  
because membership in these organizations is voluntary. This means an individual who meets the membership  
requirements, but does not join, would still be able to practice and there would be no way to ensure the individual’s  
competency or hold the individual accountable for harm done to clients.  
No other states in the Great Lakes region use a private, market-based system to regulate licensed psychologists.  
35. Discuss all significant alternatives the agency considered during rule development and why they were not  
incorporated into the rules. This section should include ideas considered both during internal discussions  
and discussions with stakeholders, affected parties, or advisory groups.  
Since statute mandates the rules, there are no reasonable alternatives to the proposed rules. There were no  
alternatives that the department considered to achieve the intended changes. They are necessary for the  
administration and enforcement of the licensing process.  
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION  
36. As required by MCL 24.245b(1)(c), please describe any instructions regarding the method of complying with  
the rules, if applicable.  
The rules include the instructions for compliance.  
MCL 24.245(3)  
;